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Home Backup Generators
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How to get the best Time Machine performanceRecover photos, WhatsApp, contacts and more from any iTunes or iCloud backup (including iOS 13 iCloud backups!) with iPhone Backup Extractor by CopyTrans.
An inside-the-park home run occurs when a batter hits the ball into play and is able to circle the bases before the fielders can put him out. Unlike with an outside-the-park home run, the batter-runner and all preceding runners are liable to be put out by the defensive team at any time while running the bases.
This is the official page of Cobian Backup (up to version 11, Gravity), the popular freeware backup tool. Back in 2013 I sold the source code to James Sweeney, who is the new owner of all new versions of the program (after version 11). Easy Generator to Home Hook Up: A generator is a core component to many people's emergency preparedness plans. (Maybe you have a cool charcoal powered or a multi-fuel generator.) However many fail to think through how exactly they will power the items they want to run when the g. Backup power mode, called Backup-Only in the Tesla app, reserves 100% of your Powerwall energy to provide seamless power to your home in the event of an outage.Powerwall will charge from the grid (if you don't have solar) or from your solar system and only discharge during a grid outage.
After the first Time Machine backup, future backups should be faster, because Time Machine backs up only the changes since your last backup. If most backups take longer than you expect, try these solutions.
Upgrade to macOS Big SurmacOS Big Sur significantly improves Time Machine performance when used with an APFS-formatted backup disk. You get this benefit automatically after creating a new backup disk in Big Sur.
If you're backing up to the same disk that you were using before upgrading to Big Sur, follow these steps:
Select your backup disk in the Finder.
Choose File > Get Info from the menu bar, then look for the information labeled Format. 
If the format isn't APFS, but you want improved Time Machine performance in Big Sur, use Disk Utility to erase the backup disk. This permanently deletes any backups and other data on that disk. 
Set up Time Machine to use the backup disk again. After the first backup, future backups should be faster than before.
Check for large, frequently updated files

Some apps store data in unusually large, frequently updated files. Backing up such files can be time-consuming. Try these solutions:
Upgrade to macOS Big Sur and an APFS-formatted backup disk, as described above.
Or contact the app developer to learn how to best use their app with Time Machine. 
Or exclude those large files from your backup: Open Time Machine preferences, click Options, then click the add (+) button to add a file or folder to be excluded.
The Reduce Clutter feature of your Mac can help identify large files and show when they were last accessed.
Check for apps that keep your backup disk busyUse your Time Machine backup disk only for Time Machine. Some apps, such as antivirus utilities, might keep your backup disk busy by frequently accessing the disk to find items or save items. Find out whether the app's settings can be changed prevent that.
Check your network performance

If you're using your Time Machine backup disk over a network, backup speed is affected by the performance of your network. If you're experiencing poor Wi-Fi performance, analyzing your wireless environment might help identify issues. You might get better performance by connecting the backup disk directly to your Mac.
Check your backup disk for issuesTime Machine should tell you when it can't complete a backup because of a problem with your backup disk, but you can use Disk Utility to check your disk for issues at any time. 

How do I add cron job under Linux or UNIX like operating system?
Cron job are used to schedule commands to be executed periodically. You can setup commands or scripts, which will repeatedly run at a set time. Cron is one of the most useful tool in Linux or UNIX like operating systems. The cron service (daemon) runs in the background and constantly checks the /etc/crontab file, and /etc/cron.*/ directories. It also checks the /var/spool/cron/ directory.

crontab commandTutorial details
DifficultyIntermediate (rss)
Root privilegesYes
Requirementscrond
Estimated completion time20m
crontab is the command used to install, deinstall or list the tables (cron configuration file) used to drive the cron(8) daemon in Vixie Cron. Each user can have their own crontab file, and though these are files in /var/spool/cron/crontabs, they are not intended to be edited directly. You need to use crontab command for editing or setting up your own cron jobs.
Types of cron configuration filesThere are different types of configuration files:
The UNIX / Linux system crontab : Usually, used by system services and critical jobs that requires root like privileges. The sixth field (see below for field description) is the name of a user for the command to run as. This gives the system crontab the ability to run commands as any user.
The user crontabs: User can install their own cron jobs using the crontab command. The sixth field is the command to run, and all commands run as the user who created the crontab
Note: This faq features cron implementations written by Paul Vixie and included in many Linux distributions and Unix like systems such as in the popular 4th BSD edition. The syntax is compatible with various implementations of crond.
How Do I install or create or edit my own cron jobs?To edit your crontab file, type the following command at the UNIX / Linux shell prompt:
$ crontab -e
Syntax of crontab (field description)

Tutorial details
Difficulty	Intermediate (rss)
Root privileges	Yes
Requirements	crond
Estimated completion time	20m

Some apps store data in unusually large, frequently updated files. Backing up such files can be time-consuming. Try these solutions:
Upgrade to macOS Big Sur and an APFS-formatted backup disk, as described above.
Or contact the app developer to learn how to best use their app with Time Machine. 
Or exclude those large files from your backup: Open Time Machine preferences, click Options, then click the add (+) button to add a file or folder to be excluded.
The Reduce Clutter feature of your Mac can help identify large files and show when they were last accessed.
Check for apps that keep your backup disk busyUse your Time Machine backup disk only for Time Machine. Some apps, such as antivirus utilities, might keep your backup disk busy by frequently accessing the disk to find items or save items. Find out whether the app's settings can be changed prevent that.
Check your network performanceIf you're using your Time Machine backup disk over a network, backup speed is affected by the performance of your network. If you're experiencing poor Wi-Fi performance, analyzing your wireless environment might help identify issues. You might get better performance by connecting the backup disk directly to your Mac.
Check your backup disk for issuesTime Machine should tell you when it can't complete a backup because of a problem with your backup disk, but you can use Disk Utility to check your disk for issues at any time. 
How do I add cron job under Linux or UNIX like operating system?
Cron job are used to schedule commands to be executed periodically. You can setup commands or scripts, which will repeatedly run at a set time. Cron is one of the most useful tool in Linux or UNIX like operating systems. The cron service (daemon) runs in the background and constantly checks the /etc/crontab file, and /etc/cron.*/ directories. It also checks the /var/spool/cron/ directory.
crontab commandTutorial details
DifficultyIntermediate (rss)
Root privilegesYes
Requirementscrond
Estimated completion time20m
crontab is the command used to install, deinstall or list the tables (cron configuration file) used to drive the cron(8) daemon in Vixie Cron. Each user can have their own crontab file, and though these are files in /var/spool/cron/crontabs, they are not intended to be edited directly. You need to use crontab command for editing or setting up your own cron jobs.
Types of cron configuration filesThere are different types of configuration files:
The UNIX / Linux system crontab : Usually, used by system services and critical jobs that requires root like privileges. The sixth field (see below for field description) is the name of a user for the command to run as. This gives the system crontab the ability to run commands as any user.
The user crontabs: User can install their own cron jobs using the crontab command. The sixth field is the command to run, and all commands run as the user who created the crontab
Note: This faq features cron implementations written by Paul Vixie and included in many Linux distributions and Unix like systems such as in the popular 4th BSD edition. The syntax is compatible with various implementations of crond.
How Do I install or create or edit my own cron jobs?To edit your crontab file, type the following command at the UNIX / Linux shell prompt:
$ crontab -e
Syntax of crontab (field description)OR
1: Minute (0-59)
2: Hours (0-23)
3: Day (0-31)
4: Month (0-12 [12 December])
5: Day of the week(0-7 [7 or 0 sunday])
/path/to/command - Script or command name to schedule
Easy to remember format:
OR
Example: Run backup cron job scriptIf you wished to have a script named /root/backup.sh run every day at 3am, your crontab entry would look like as follows. First, install your cronjob by running the following command:
# crontab -e
Append the following entry:
0 3 * * * /root/backup.sh
Save and close the file.
More examplesTo run /path/to/command five minutes after midnight, every day, enter:
5 0 * * * /path/to/command
Run /path/to/script.sh at 2:15pm on the first of every month, enter:
15 14 1 * * /path/to/script.sh
Run /scripts/phpscript.php at 10 pm on weekdays, enter:
0 22 * * 1-5 /scripts/phpscript.php
Run /root/scripts/perl/perlscript.pl at 23 minutes after midnight, 2am, 4am ..., everyday, enter:
23 0-23/2 * * * /root/scripts/perl/perlscript.pl
Run /path/to/unixcommand at 5 after 4 every Sunday, enter:
5 4 * * sun /path/to/unixcommand
How do I use operators?An operator allows you to specifying multiple values in a field. There are three operators:
The asterisk (*) : This operator specifies all possible values for a field. For example, an asterisk in the hour time field would be equivalent to every hour or an asterisk in the month field would be equivalent to every month.
The comma (,) : This operator specifies a list of values, for example: '1,5,10,15,20, 25'.
The dash (-) : This operator specifies a range of values, for example: '5-15' days , which is equivalent to typing '5,6,7,8,9,....,13,14,15' using the comma operator.
The separator (/) : This operator specifies a step value, for example: '0-23/' can be used in the hours field to specify command execution every other hour. Steps are also permitted after an asterisk, so if you want to say every two hours, just use */2.
How do I disable email output?Homebackupsystem.bizBy default the output of a command or a script (if any produced), will be email to your local email account. To stop receiving email output from crontab you need to append >/dev/null 2>&1. For example:
0 3 * * * /root/backup.sh >/dev/null 2>&1
To mail output to particular email account let us say vivek@nixcraft.in you need to define MAILTO variable as follows:
MAILTO='vivek@nixcraft.in'
0 3 * * * /root/backup.sh >/dev/null 2>&1
See 'Disable The Mail Alert By Crontab Command' for more information.
Task: List all your cron jobsType the following command:
# crontab -l
# crontab -u username -l
To remove or erase all crontab jobs use the following command:
# Delete the current cron jobs #
crontab -r
## Delete job for specific user. Must be run as root user ##
crontab -r -u username
Use special string to save timeInstead of the first five fields, you can use any one of eight special strings. It will not just save your time but it will improve readability.
Home Backup GeneratorsSpecial stringMeaning
@rebootRun once, at startup.
@yearlyRun once a year, '0 0 1 1 *'.
@annually(same as @yearly)
@monthlyRun once a month, '0 0 1 * *'.
@weeklyRun once a week, '0 0 * * 0'.
@dailyRun once a day, '0 0 * * *'.
@midnight(same as @daily)
@hourlyRun once an hour, '0 * * * *'.
ExamplesRun ntpdate command every hour:
@hourly /path/to/ntpdate
Make a backup everyday:
@daily /path/to/backup/script.sh
More about /etc/crontab file and /etc/cron.d/* directories/etc/crontab is system crontabs file. Usually only used by root user or daemons to configure system wide jobs. All individual user must must use crontab command to install and edit their jobs as described above. /var/spool/cron/ or /var/cron/tabs/ is directory for personal user crontab files. It must be backup with users home directory.
Understanding Default /etc/crontabFirst, the environment must be defined. If the shell line is omitted, cron will use the default, which is sh. If the PATH variable is omitted, no default will be used and file locations will need to be absolute. If HOME is omitted, cron will use the invoking users home directory.
Additionally, cron reads the files in /etc/cron.d/ directory. Usually system daemon such as sa-update or sysstat places their cronjob here. As a root user or superuser you can use following directories to configure cron jobs. You can directly drop your scripts here. The run-parts command run scripts or programs in a directory via /etc/crontab file:
DirectoryDescription
/etc/cron.d/Put all scripts here and call them from /etc/crontab file.
/etc/cron.daily/Run all scripts once a day
/etc/cron.hourly/Run all scripts once an hour
/etc/cron.monthly/Run all scripts once a month
/etc/cron.weekly/Run all scripts once a week
How do I use above directories to put my own scripts or jobs?Here is a sample shell script called clean.cache. This script is created to clean up cached files every 10 days. This script is directly created at /etc/cron.daliy/ directory. In other words create a text file called /etc/cron.daily/clean.cache as follows.
Home Backup Generator SystemsSave and close the file. Set the permissions:
# chmod +x /etc/cron.daily/clean.cache
How do I backup installed cron jobs entries?Simply type the following command to backup your cronjobs to a nas server mounted at /nas01/backup/cron/users.root.bakup directory:
# crontab -l > /nas01/backup/cron/users.root.bakup
# crontab -u userName -l > /nas01/backup/cron/users.userName.bakup

Special string	Meaning
@reboot	Run once, at startup.
@yearly	Run once a year, '0 0 1 1 *'.
@annually	(same as @yearly)
@monthly	Run once a month, '0 0 1 * *'.
@weekly	Run once a week, '0 0 * * 0'.
@daily	Run once a day, '0 0 * * *'.
@midnight	(same as @daily)
@hourly	Run once an hour, '0 * * * *'.

Directory	Description
/etc/cron.d/	Put all scripts here and call them from /etc/crontab file.
/etc/cron.daily/	Run all scripts once a day
/etc/cron.hourly/	Run all scripts once an hour
/etc/cron.monthly/	Run all scripts once a month
/etc/cron.weekly/	Run all scripts once a week